Heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury can show up in everyday products like vitamins, dietary supplements, and even foods. While these metals occur naturally in the environment, even small amounts can pose serious long-term health risks. Vulnerable populations like pregnant people and children are especially at risk. As a result, consumers increasingly question the regulation of these contaminants. As concerns rise, federal and state authorities are tightening oversight, yet gaps in regulation remain.

How the FDA Regulates Heavy Metals

At the federal level, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) plays a central role in monitoring heavy metal contaminants in food and dietary supplements. Under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, the FDA publishes data and conducts testing for toxic elements. This includes arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mercury. The agency’s Environmental Contaminants in Food program regularly assesses these elements in products found in grocery stores and provides guidance to manufacturers on preventing or minimizing contamination.

Does the FDA regulate heavy metals in dietary supplements?

Unfortunately, the FDA does not consider dietary supplements, such as vitamins and minerals, to be drugs. As such, the agency regulates vitamins and minerals as food under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA). This means that manufacturers do not need pre-market approval from the FDA. Still, they must meet Current Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMPs) to make sure products contain what their labels claim. The FDA can act if it finds a supplement to be unsafe or misbranded. But, it generally does not set specific heavy metal limits for supplements themselves.

States Take Safety into Their Own Hands

Recognizing the regulatory gap at the federal level, California enacted Senate Bill 646. This is the first state law in the nation requiring heavy metal testing and public disclosure for prenatal multivitamins. Beginning January 1, 2027, manufacturers must test each lot of prenatal vitamins for heavy metals. Manufacturers must also post the results publicly online. The law also requires that labels direct consumers to the results. Additionally, it effectively bans the sale of products that do not comply with these requirements.

Other State Actions & Consumer Protections

California is leading the way, but other states have also considered or enacted measures aimed at reducing heavy metal exposure through foods and supplements. For example, Maryland and Illinois have looked at laws to mandate testing in baby foods, inspired in part by California’s approach.

What This Means for Consumers

While the FDA continues to monitor contaminants and enforce safety standards, state laws like California’s Senate Bill 646 reflect growing public demand for transparency and accountability about what is in the products people ingest. As state and federal efforts evolve, consumers should stay informed about heavy metal risks in supplements and foods and consult healthcare professionals regarding safe dietary choices.